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        <h3 id="0x01-介绍"><a href="#0x01-介绍" class="headerlink" title="0x01 介绍"></a>0x01 介绍</h3><p>C++0x是C++最新标准标准化过程中的曾用名<br>在2011年9月份，C++0x正式由官方发布并命名C++11<br>C++11包括大量的新特性：主要特征像lambda表达式和移动语义，实用的类型推导关键字auto，<br>更简单的容器遍历方法，和大量使模板更容易使用的改进</p>
<h3 id="0x02-优势"><a href="#0x02-优势" class="headerlink" title="0x02 优势"></a>0x02 优势</h3><ul>
<li>右值引用和move语义(move semantics)<ul>
<li>移动语义提高语言内核的基础效率，可以写出更快的代码</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>哈希表进入标准</li>
<li>编码效率更高效,代码更简洁<ul>
<li>lambda表达式的支持将使代码更简洁</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>类型自动推导</li>
<li>nullptr, 解决NULL产生的二义性</li>
<li>变长参数模板(variadic template)</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="0x03-auto"><a href="#0x03-auto" class="headerlink" title="0x03 auto"></a>0x03 auto</h3><ul>
<li><p>Example</p>
<p>  // file: auto.cc<br>  // compile: g++ -std=c++11 -o auto auto.cc</p>
<p>  #include <iostream><br>  #include <vector><br>  #include <string><br>  #include <map></map></string></vector></iostream></p>
<p>  void test_map()<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>std::map&lt;std::string, std::string&gt; mymap {{"abc", "123"}, {"apple", "10000"}};

for (auto map_entry : mymap) {
    std::cout &lt;&lt; map_entry.first &lt;&lt; &quot; &lt;&quot; &lt;&lt;
        map_entry.second &lt;&lt; &quot;&gt;&quot; &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}
</code></pre><p>  }<br>  void test_vector()<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>std::vector&lt;int&gt; vec;
vec.push_back(10);
vec.push_back(20);

// read
for (int i : vec) {
    std::cout &lt;&lt; i &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}

// update
for (int&amp; i : vec) {
    i++;
}

// read
for (int i : vec) {
    std::cout &lt;&lt; i &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
<p>  int main(int argc, char* argv[])<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>test_vector();
test_map();

return 0;
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="0x04-move"><a href="#0x04-move" class="headerlink" title="0x04 move"></a>0x04 move</h3><ul>
<li>TODO</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="0x05-lambda"><a href="#0x05-lambda" class="headerlink" title="0x05 lambda"></a>0x05 lambda</h3><p>  <a href="int x, int y"></a> {return x + y;}<br>  <a href="int x, int y"></a> -&gt; int {return x + y;} // 显式指定返回值类型<br>  <a href="int&amp; x"></a> {++x;}   // not return any value (void)<br>  <a href=""></a> {++global_x;}  // access global variable<br>  [] {++global_x;}    // same to previous statement</p>
<p>  []        // 沒有定義任何變量，但必须列出空的方括号。在Lambda表達式中嘗試使用任何外部變量都會導致編譯錯誤。<br>  [x, &amp;y]   // x是按值傳遞，y是按引用傳遞<br>  [&amp;]       // 任何被使用到的外部變量都按引用傳入。<br>  [=]       // 任何被使用到的外部變量都按值傳入。<br>  [&amp;, x]    // x按值傳入。其它變量按引用傳入。<br>  [=, &amp;z]   // z按引用傳入。其它變量按值傳入。</p>
<p>Not lambda:</p>
<pre><code>#include &lt;iostream&gt;
#include &lt;cstdlib&gt;
#include &lt;algorithm&gt;

bool compare( const int &amp; a, const int &amp; b )
{
    return a &lt; b;
}

using namespace std;

int main ( )
{
    int a[10] = {5,1,2,3,6,9,8,2,3,6};
    sort( a, a+9, compare );
    for ( int i = 0 ; i &lt; 9 ; i ++ )
        cout &lt;&lt; a[i] &lt;&lt; endl;
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
</code></pre><p>Use lambda, not need to defined compare function</p>
<pre><code>#include &lt;iostream&gt;
#include &lt;cstdlib&gt;
#include &lt;algorithm&gt;

using namespace std;

int main ( )
{
    int a[10] = {5,1,2,3,6,9,8,2,3,6};
    sort( a, a+9, []( const int &amp; a, const int &amp; b )-&gt;bool{ return a &lt; b; } );
    for ( int i = 0 ; i &lt; 9 ; i ++ )
        cout &lt;&lt; a[i] &lt;&lt; endl;
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
</code></pre><ul>
<li><p>Example 2</p>
<p>  // file: lambda.cc<br>  // compile: g++ -std=c++11 -o lambda lambda.cc</p>
<p>  #include <iostream><br>  #include <vector><br>  #include <algorithm> // for_each<br>  #include <functional> // lambda</functional></algorithm></vector></iostream></p>
<p>  using namespace std;</p>
<p>  void test_lambda()<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>vector&lt;int&gt; iv{5, 4, 3, 2, 1};
int a = 2, b = 1;

for_each(iv.begin(), iv.end(), [b](int &amp;x){cout&lt;&lt;(x + b)&lt;&lt;endl;});

for_each(iv.begin(), iv.end(), [=](int &amp;x){x *= (a + b);});

for_each(iv.begin(), iv.end(), [=](int &amp;x)-&gt;int{return x * (a + b);});
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
<p>  int main(int argc, char* argv[])<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>test_lambda();

return 0;
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="0x06-变长参数模板-variadic-template"><a href="#0x06-变长参数模板-variadic-template" class="headerlink" title="0x06 变长参数模板(variadic template)"></a>0x06 变长参数模板(variadic template)</h3><ul>
<li><p>Example:</p>
<p>  // file: variadic_templates.cc<br>  // compile: g++ -std=c++11 -o variadic_templates variadic_templates.cc<br>  #include <iostream></iostream></p>
<p>  using namespace std;</p>
<p>  inline void EXPECT_EQ(long exp, long value) {</p>
<pre><code>if (exp != value) {
    cout &lt;&lt; &quot;Compare failed, expect:&quot; &lt;&lt; exp &lt;&lt; &quot;, real:&quot; &lt;&lt; value &lt;&lt; endl;
}
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
<p>  template<long n=""><br>  struct print_value_as_warning<br>  {</long></p>
<pre><code>char operator()() {return N + 256;} // always cause overflow
</code></pre><p>  };</p>
<p>  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////<br>  // Print<br>  template<typename head=""><br>  void Print(Head head) {</typename></p>
<pre><code>cout&lt;&lt; head &lt;&lt;endl;
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
<p>  template<typename head,="" typename...="" tail=""><br>  void Print(Head head, Tail… tail) {</typename></p>
<pre><code>cout&lt;&lt; head &lt;&lt;endl;
Print(tail...);
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
<p>  void test_print()<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>Print(1, -100, 1.5, 1234567890, &quot;C++11&quot;);
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
<p>  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////<br>  // Add<br>  template <long ...="" args=""> class vsum;</long></p>
<p>  template <long d,="" long="" ...="" args=""><br>  class vsum<d, args...=""> {<br>  public:</d,></long></p>
<pre><code>static const long value = d + vsum&lt;Args...&gt;::value;
</code></pre><p>  };</p>
<p>  template &lt;&gt;<br>  class vsum&lt;&gt; {<br>  public:</p>
<pre><code>static const long value = 0;
</code></pre><p>  };</p>
<p>  void test_sum()<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>long s = vsum&lt;&gt;::value;             EXPECT_EQ(0, s);
s = vsum&lt;5, 5&gt;::value;              EXPECT_EQ(10, s);
s = vsum&lt;5, 2, 3&gt;::value;           EXPECT_EQ(10, s);
s = vsum&lt;3, 3, 1, 3&gt;::value;        EXPECT_EQ(10, s);
s = vsum&lt;2, 2, 2, 2, -1, 3&gt;::value; EXPECT_EQ(10, s);
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
<p>  // prove that sum calculation occurred on compile time<br>  void test_sum_run_on_compile_time()<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>// When do compilation, will got such message：
// In instantiation of ‘char print_size_as_warning&lt;N&gt;::operator()() [with long N = 125]’:
print_value_as_warning&lt;vsum&lt;100,25&gt;::value&gt;()();
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
<p>  //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////<br>  // main<br>  int main(int argc, char* argv[])<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>test_print();
test_sum();
return 0;
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
</li>
<li><p>Reference</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://jguegant.github.io/blogs/tech/thread-safe-multi-type-map.html" target="_blank" rel="external">https://jguegant.github.io/blogs/tech/thread-safe-multi-type-map.html</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variadic_template" target="_blank" rel="external">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variadic_template</a></li>
<li><a href="http://eli.thegreenplace.net/2014/variadic-templates-in-c/" target="_blank" rel="external">http://eli.thegreenplace.net/2014/variadic-templates-in-c/</a></li>
<li><a href="http://elloop.github.io/c++/2015-11-28/never-proficient-cpp-vaargs" target="_blank" rel="external">http://elloop.github.io/c++/2015-11-28/never-proficient-cpp-vaargs</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="0x07-区间迭代（range-based-for-loop"><a href="#0x07-区间迭代（range-based-for-loop" class="headerlink" title="0x07 区间迭代（range-based for loop)"></a>0x07 区间迭代（range-based for loop)</h3><ul>
<li><p>Sample:</p>
<p>  vector<int> vec;<br>  vec.push_back(10);<br>  vec.push_back(20);</int></p>
<p>  for (int&amp; i: vec)<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>cout &lt;&lt; i;
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
</li>
<li><p>Sample for map:</p>
<p>  for (auto address_entry: address_book)<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>cout &lt;&lt; address_entry.first &lt;&lt; &quot; &quot; &lt;&lt; address_entry.second &lt;&lt; endl;
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
</li>
<li><p>Others:</p>
<p>  std::map<std::string, std::vector<int="">&gt; map;<br>  std::vector<int> v;<br>  v.push_back(1);<br>  v.push_back(2);<br>  v.push_back(3);<br>  map[“one”] = v;</int></std::string,></p>
<p>  for (const auto&amp; kvp : map)<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>std::cout &lt;&lt; kvp.first &lt;&lt; std::endll;
for (auto v : kvp.second)
{
    std::cout &lt;&lt; v &lt;&lt; std::endl;
}
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
<p>  int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};<br>  for (int&amp; e : arr)<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>e = e*e;
</code></pre><p>  }</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="0x08-参考"><a href="#0x08-参考" class="headerlink" title="0x08 参考"></a>0x08 参考</h3><ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines" target="_blank" rel="external">https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines</a></li>
<li><a href="http://mindhacks.cn/2012/08/27/modern-cpp-practices/" target="_blank" rel="external">C++11（及现代C++风格）和快速迭代式开发</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.cprogramming.com/c++11/c++11-ranged-for-loop.html" target="_blank" rel="external">C++11 range-based for loops</a></li>
<li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/匿名函数" target="_blank" rel="external">https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/匿名函数</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/lambda" target="_blank" rel="external">http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/lambda</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move" target="_blank" rel="external">http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/move</a></li>
<li><a href="http://blog.jobbole.com/44015/" target="_blank" rel="external">http://blog.jobbole.com/44015/</a></li>
</ul>

      
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